The 201819 ebola epidemic the democratic republic of the. Ebola is a highly lethal virus, which has caused at least 14 confirmed outbreaks in africa between 1976 and 2006. Routine care was delayed in 27% of hospitals evaluating patients for ebola. In march 2014, an outbreak of evd was recognized in guinea which would become the most significant outbreak of haemorrhagic fever in africa to date. Subsequently, 4 other episodes of ebor virus infection among monkeys imported from the philippines have occurred in the united states and italy between. In this article, we present an overview of the pathogen, its epidemiology and transmission, clinical and laboratory manifestations, treatment and infection control procedures, with an emphasis on what is known about ebola virus disease in the pediatric population. Zaire, sudan and cote divoire cause illness in humans. Currently, west africa is facing the largest outbreak of.
Epidemiology of ebolavirus disease evd and occupational. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Nih ebola response nih intramural research program. You can view samples of our professional work here. Evd is a disease of humans and other nonhuman primates caused by ebola viruses, which was first discovered in 1976. Ebov is one of the most virulent pathogens among the viral haemorrhagic fevers, and case fatality rates up to 90% have been reported. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola hemorrhagic fever is a rare and often deadly illness caused by the ebola virus. Pdf the epidemiology of ebola virus disease researchgate. Pdf the ebola virus disease is a zoonotic, acute viral syndrome which occurs by infection with one the strains of the ebola virus. The 2014 ebola epidemic is the largest in history and is centered in the west african countries sierra leone, liberia, and guinea. In retrospect this was the start of the current ebola outbreak in west africa. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is considered a classic zoonotic disease with persistence of the ebola virus in a reservoir species.
Ebola virus, first identified in humans in 1976 during outbreaks in zaire and sudan, is native to subsaharan africa. The first case was reported in guinea in march 2014, and the disease then spread into the neighboring countries of liberia and sierra. Ebola virus disease evd is an infectious disease caused by a virus belonging to the filoviridae family of rna viruses. This virus was formerly known as the hemorrhagic fever. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry. Africa ebola epidemic and previous ebola epidemics. Phe publications gateway number 2015463 pdf, 952kb, 7 pages this file. Epidemiology of ebola virus disease in the western area. The exact source of ebola infections remains an open question, and. However, it has been observed to be sparing of children, a fact that may suggest that in children, there is disease variation in epidemiology. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease will be presented here, including knowledge that emerged during and after the west african epidemic of ebola virus disease.
The following keywords were entered in combination two or three terms, in the search engines. Methodswe conducted a descriptive epidemiology study in wa, sierra leone using secondary data from the national ebola outbreak database. Aug 23, 2018 ebola hemorrhagic fever is considered a classic zoonotic disease with persistence of the ebola virus in a reservoir species. People can get evd through direct contact with an infected animal bat or nonhuman primate or a sick or dead person infected with ebola virus.
Apr 21, 2015 over the past 40 years, sporadic ebola virus disease evd outbreaks have occurred mostly in the central african region. The outbreak started in guinea and rapidly spread to liberia and sierra leone, claiming thousands of lives. Who has committed to provide regular situation reports that include detailed epidemiological information and analysis, as well as regular monitoring of the national and international response to the outbreak against the ebola response roadmap. The unprecedented scale of the ebola outbreak in west africa has, as of 29 april 2015, resulted in more than 10,884 deaths among 26,277 cases.
A discourse on ebola is necessary to bring to fore salient factors about the disease particularly its mode of spread. Because the number of cases is reported as cumulative, spanning from the beginning of the outbreak to the week that the report was released, the cumulative number of cases for one. Ebola virus disease ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90%. This event was not identified as ebola and did not trigger any alarms at the time as it happened in a remote part of guinea and in a part of africa where ebola was not considered to be a risk. In comparison with earlier ebola outbreaks mortality have been higher 80 90 percent, but number of cases was a thousand times lower. Ebola is caused by infection with a virus of the family filoviridae, genus ebolavirus. Ebola virus disease evd is a rare and deadly disease in people and nonhuman primates. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. The virus obtained its name from the ebola river in africa.
Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution. The outbreakof the zaire species of ebola virus, which is the most virulentbegan in guinea in december 20, and spread mostly to liberia and sierra leone. Withdrawn ebola virus disease epidemiological update. On march 2014 the who notified the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in guinea, and infection quickly spread to another west african countries including sierra leone, liberia and nigeria.
Guinea, liberia, nigeria, senegal and sierra leone. The 202015 ebola virus disease evd epidemic is caused by the makona variant of ebola virus ebov. Data and description of andersen lab research investigating the epidemiology of the ongoing ebola outbreak in the drc. The illness affects humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees the disease was first identified in 1976 in two. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the. Limited evidence is available on pediatric disease course and prognosis. The biology of the ebola virus, and the epidemiology and routes of transmission of evd are now well known 1,2. There are several steps to take to prevent ebola virus disease when living in or traveling to an area with ebola virus. Pdf just how ebola actually gets from animals or the environment and into humans is unclear.
The ongoing ebola virus disease evd in west africa is the worst in the 5decade history of the disease in africa and marks the climax following a recent increase in the frequency of outbreaks in the continent there are few data on evd in children. Ebola ebola virus disease fact sheet what is ebola virus disease. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the studies linked with 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa. The virus was first discovered during an outbreak dated back to the year 1976.
Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution during. Common clinical featuressudden onset of fever, malaise, myalgia, diarrhoea, hypotension and shock. Ebola, viewed through a lens of african epidemiology. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease uptodate. From october through october 19, 2014, ebola consumed 80% of hospital epidemiology time and only 30% of routine infection prevention activities were completed. Ebola virus disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management abstract. The ebola virus disease is an epidemic that has returned to claim more lives than one can count. The first evd outbreak was reported in the 1970s in zaire now the democratic. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry and surrounding prefectures, guinea, 20142015 adriana rico, debra brody, fatima coronado, marc rondy, lena fiebig, andrea carcelen, varough m. Ebola virus, the prototype virus of the genus, was first detected in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo in 1976 and is the virus responsible for the current outbreak in west africa. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health problems in specified.
Ebolavirus disease, epidemiology, occupational ebolavirus disease, hospital infection, health care worker, work safety, and africa. Jul 02, 2019 who compiled an updated summary of the global epidemiology of zika virus transmission. Ebola virus disease evd in west africa was first reported during early march 2014 in guineas 3 southeastern prefectures gueckedou, macenta, and kissidougou, which border liberia and sierra leone. The global nature of the disease has turned it into a pandemic. The viruses that cause evd are located mainly in subsaharan africa. The index human case is usually a zoonosis that launches humantohuman transmission interface with varying levels of sustainability of the epidemic depending on the level of public health preparedness of the affected country and the ebola virus strain.
It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc. This study provides evidence on the extent to which economic activity declined and jobs disappeared in liberia during the outbreak. Using data from two epidemics in democratic republic of congo drc in 1995 and in uganda in 2000, we built a mathematical model for the spread of ebola haemorrhagic fever epidemics taking into account transmission in different epidemiological settings. Pdf over the past 40 years, sporadic ebola virus disease evd outbreaks have occurred mostly in the central african region. Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to ebola virus, though 810 day. The 2014 ebola epidemic in west africa is the first in history. Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution during seven months in sierra leone graphical abstract highlights d in sierra leone, transmission has primarily been withincountry, not betweencountry d infectious doses are large enough for intrahost variants to transmit between hosts d a prolonged epidemic removes deleterious mutations from. Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus is transmitted from human to human, primarily through close contact with the body fluids or corpse of an evd patient or. Over the past 40 years, sporadic ebola virus disease evd outbreaks have occurred mostly in the central african region.
Epidemiology and risk factors for ebola virus disease in. Pdf ebola epidemiology and health workers paul shears. Ebola virus disease is caused by a highly contagious and pathogenic threadlike rna virus of the filoviridae family. Ebola, jobs and economic activity in liberia journal of. The 202015 western african ebola virus disease evd epidemic, caused by the ebola virus ebov makona variant kuhn et al. Forest fruit bats are regarded as the principal reservoir and may be eaten directly. Ebola is an enveloped virus and is susceptible to hospitalgrade disinfectants but may. A total of 11,296 cases, including confirmed and probable cases were reported 5. This is not an example of the work produced by our essay writing service. Background the 2014 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in the neighbouring west african countries of guinea, liberia and sierra leone represents the most significant setback to the regions development in over a decade.
Ebola disease has come to be an international public health issue. Who compiled an updated summary of the global epidemiology of zika virus transmission. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry and. People can get evd through direct contact with an infected animal bat or nonhuman primate or. Understanding the dynamics of ebola epidemics epidemiology. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Epidemiology of ebola virus disease transmission among. Early in the epidemic, genome sequencing provided insights into virus evolution and transmission and offered important information for outbreak response. Ebola virus disease evd is caused by viruses in the genus ebolavirus family filoviridae. Jun 18, 2015 the 202015 western african ebola virus disease evd epidemic, caused by the ebola virus ebov makona variant kuhn et al.
Ebola virus disease evd is a severe, highly infectious and often rapidly fatal zoonotic disease that was first described almost 40 years ago, which, to date, has no specific treatment, and vaccine trials have not been conclusive. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ebola virus disease are discussed elsewhere. Webbercommunicable disease epidemiology and control, 2nd edition final proof 18. Epidemiology 101 2nd edition pdf free pdf epub medical books. The virus causing this outbreak, the zaire ebolavirus ebov. Between 1976 and 20 there had been 24 outbreaks of the disease.
Airborne or fomite spread has not been seen in outbreaks. If ebola virus disease is suspected based on the persons symptoms and exposure to ebola virus, such as close contact with an ebolainfected person, he or she should be isolated separated from other people and the local health department should be notified. Pdf currently, west africa is facing the largest outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in history. Current, tangible examples from the field that are relevant and familiar to young students such as big data, cyberbullying, and disease outbreaks including ebola and zika new chapters that cover epidemiology and data presentation with practice questions for the mcat examination and epidemiology and screening for disease. Ebola virus infection epidemiology bmj best practice. Epidemiology of ebolavirus disease evd and occupational evd. A pdf to excel converter was used to efficiently extract the tables from the situation reports, and the data was collected by week and sorted by geographic location.